The analytic approach has to do with breaking words down, and it is usually associated with American structuralist linguistics of the first half of the twentieth century. There is a good reason for this. These linguists were often dealing with languages that they had never encountered before, and there were no written grammars of these languages to guide them.
It was therefore crucial that they should have very explicit methods of linguistic analysis. No matter what language we’re looking at, we need analytic methods that will be independent of the structures we are examining; preconceived notions might interfere with an objective, scientific analysis.
From a morphological point of view, the synthetic question you ask is, “How does a speaker of a language produce a grammatically complex word when needed?” This question already assumes that you know what kinds of elementary pieces you are making the complex word out of.
We think that one of the real problems of a morphological theory is that we don’t always have a good idea of what the pieces are. Syntacticians can supply us with some tools: case and number, for example, are ancient syntactic notions that we can use in our morphology. But the primary way in which morphologists determine the pieces they are dealing with is by examination of language data.
They must pull words apart carefully, taking great care to note where each piece came from to begin with.
The history of morphological analysis dates back to the ancient Indian linguist Pāṇini, who formulated the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology in the text Aṣṭādhyāyī by using a Constituency Grammar.
The Greco-Roman grammatical tradition also engaged in morphological analysis. Studies in Arabic morphology, conducted by Marāḥ al-arwāḥ and Aḥmad b. ‘alī Mas‘ūd, date back to at least 1200 CE.
The term morphology was coined by August Schleicher in 1859.
Pāṇini
Pāṇini was an Ancient Indian Sanskrit grammarian from Pushkalavati, Gandhara (modern day Charsadda, Pakistan).
He is known for his Sanskrit grammar, particularly for his formulation of the 3,959 rules of Sanskrit morphology, syntax and semantics in the grammar known as Ashtadhyayi (अष्टाध्यायी Aṣṭādhyāyī, meaning "eight chapters"), the foundational text of the grammatical branch of the Vedanga, the auxiliary scholarly disciplines of Vedic religion.
The Ashtadhyayi is one of the earliest known grammars of Sanskrit, although he refers to previous texts like the Unadisutra, Dhatupatha, and Ganapatha. It is the earliest known work on descriptive linguistics and generative linguistics, and together with the work of his immediate predecessors (Nirukta, Nighantu, Pratishakyas) stands at the beginning of the history of linguistics itself.
His theory of morphological analysis was more advanced than any equivalent Western theory before the mid 20th century, and his analysis of noun compounds still forms the basis of modern linguistic theories of compounding, which have borrowed Sanskrit terms such as bahuvrihi and dvandva.
Pāṇini's comprehensive and scientific theory of grammar is conventionally taken to mark the end of the period of Vedic Sanskrit, by definition introducing Classical Sanskrit.
LEONARD BLOOMFIELD (APRIL 1, 1887-APRIL 18 1949)
Leonard Bloomfield was an American linguist who led the development of structural linguistics in the United States during the 1930s and the 1940s. His influential textbook Language, published in 1933, presented a comprehensive description of American structural linguistics.
He made significant contributions to Indo-European historical linguistics, the description of Austronesian languages, and description of languages of the Algonquian family.
Bloomfield's approach to linguistics was characterized by its emphasis on the scientific basis of linguistics, adherence to behaviorism especially in his later work, and emphasis on formal procedures for the analysis of linguistic data.
The influence of Bloomfieldian structural linguistics declined in the late 1950s and 1960s as the theory of Generative Grammar developed by Noam Chomsky came to predominate.
OTTO JESPERSEN ( JULY 16, 1860 – APRIL 30, 1943)
He was a Danish linguist who specialized in the grammar of the English language. He was born in Randers in northern Jutland and attended Copenhagen University, earning degrees in English, French, and Latin. He also studied linguistics at Oxford.
He was most widely recognized for some of his books. Modern English Grammar on Historical Principles (1909-1949), concentrated on morphology and syntax, and Growth and Structure of the English Language (1905) is a comprehensive view of English by someone with another native language, and still in print, over 60 years after his death and nearly 100 years after publication.
Late in his life he published Analytic Syntax (1937), in which he presents his views on syntactic structure using an idiosyncratic shorthand notation. In The Philosophy of Grammar (1924) he presented he challenged the accepted views of common concepts in Grammar and proposed corrections to the basic definitions of grammatical case, pronoun, object, voice etc., and developed further his notions of Rank and Nexus.
In the 21st century this book is still used as one of the basic texts in modern Structural linguistics. Mankind, Nation and Individual: from a linguistic point of view (1925) is one of the pioneering works on Sociolinguistics.
The morphology is the branch of linguistics that studies the internal structure of words, means each unit of words. It’s about morphology spoken since the nineteenth century, and only was said that was the form of words, but now studies further defines the words because defines each unit and rates. There is a linguistic morphology classification that is inflected, that words are formed, and the lexical is the formation of new words.
"The origin and development morphology is related to the evolution of humanity." This is for the changes occurring in our society, in different periods of history, cause to social and economic elements of it.
It is said that the history of morphological analysis is the panini linguist, who made 3959 rules of Sanskrit language, on the text Ashtadhyayi. This analysis was because in this language is compared to the east with the Greek and Latin, was for that they were discovered that words were similar and had similar morphology.
The study of the word comes from the work of Baudouin de Courtenay, where tells us that the word is made up of roots and affixes. The morphology was studied by Bloomfield, for him it was essential, and for Chomsky the syntax was the most important.
The study of the language has been an important topic for some linguists. the study of words their division and tha relationsship to other words are important understand it better. it also gives us the basis to better perform our work as a teacher or student.
The term morphology is generally attributed to the German poet, novelist, playwright, and philosopher Johann Wolfgang von Goethe (1749–1832), who coined it early in the nineteenth century in a biological context.
Its etymology is Greek: morph- means ‘shape, form’, and morphology is the study of form or forms. In biology morphology refers to the study of the form and structure of organisms, and in geology it refers to the study of the configuration and evolution of land forms.
In linguistics morphology refers to the mental system involved in word formation or to the branch of linguistics that deals with words, their internal structure, and how they are formed.
